- ff / fortissimo means 'very loud'
- f / forte means 'loud'
- mf / mezzo-forte means 'moderately loud'
- mp / mezzo-piano means 'moderately soft'
- p / piano means 'soft'
- pp / pianissimo means 'very soft'
- fp / forte piano means 'loud, then soft'
- sfz / sforzando means 'sudden accent'
- crescendo / means 'gradually louder'
- decrescendo / means 'gradually softer'
